Answer:
of diffusion
Explanation:
Molecules move down a concentration gradient without the need to use energy. This means they move from a high concentration to a low concentration. This occurs across a semi-permeable membrane, like the cell membrane, by simple diffusion.
The independent variable of an experiment is the one that is intentionally changed or manipulated to see the results of changing said variable.
We are told that in each different group, the amount of caffeine that is given to the dogs changes - in the control group, they get no caffeine, in the 2nd group, they get 10 mg of caffeine each, and in the 3rd group, they get 50 mg of caffeine each.
Therefore, since the amount of caffeine that is given to the dogs is the only variable that is being manipulated, this is the independent variable.
Answer:
the concentration of the solute is lower inside the cell than outside it
Explanation:
This question depicts the process of ACTIVE TRANSPORT, which is the movement of a substance against concentration gradient, hence, requires energy input (ATP) to occur. In this case, transporting a solute from inside an animal cell to the extracellular fluid across the cell membrane always requires energy.
This is because the concentration of solute inside the cell is much lower than that of the extracellular fluid, hence, to move the solutes against this concentration gradient (low to high), energy in form of ATP is required.
Ground my dude! wanna know how I know! I checked the other answers on the other one :)
Answer:
D. some components of the cycle are used as building blocks for certain anabolic pathways
Explanation:
Kreb's cycle starts when pyruvate enters the cycle in the form of acetyl CoA. The cycle completely breakdown acetyl CoA into CO2 and H2O. The released energy is stored in the form of NADH and FADH2 which enter oxidative phosphorylation to drive ATP synthesis. Kreb's cycle is an amphibolic pathway as it is involved in both catabolic and anabolic processes.
Some of the intermediates of Kreb's cycle serve as precursors for other anabolic pathways. For example, alpha-Ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate from Kreb's cycle enter the anabolic processes of synthesis of amino acids aspartate and glutamate respectively. Succinyl CoA from Kreb's cycle serves as one of the intermediates for the synthesis of porphyrin rings present in "heme" groups. The heme group is a structural and functional part of hemoglobin and myoglobin proteins.
