1) The <em>"No Child Left Behind Law"</em> has passed the Lower Chamber, also known as the House of Representatives, after a vote that supported it at 381 in favor vs 41 votes against. It now turns for the Upper Chamber, also known as the Senate, held a hearing regarding this bill and subsequently submitted to a voting session in order for it to go to the Executive.
2) The <em>"Every Student Succeeds Act"</em> is a Law that has been successfully passed through Congress (both House of Representatives and Senate) and has received the President's Signature. This means it is ready for educational institutions to take the actions necessary in order to operate by the new legislature.
The reason why spanish contact with Incas drove capitalism in Europe is multifold. After being exposed to the riches of the Incas empire, more and more ships were created in Europe (introducing more producers of ships and shipping supplies, etc.) because more and more people wanted to go to the New world themselves and exploit the riches that were available there.
Impeding - to delay or prevent by obstructing it/them.
so your answer is B. Obstructing; slowing down.
Marbury v. Madison marked the moment that the Supreme Court established itself as a co-equal branch of government.
In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court carved out a space where it declared that it had the ability to review laws to determine whether they were constitutional.
While the Supreme Court rarely knocked a law down as unconstitutional in the 1800s, everyone now knew that they could. This quote, as I have said elsewhere, is the Supreme Court stating that the Judicial branch determines what the law is and isn't.
