Answer:
The four- chambered hearts of birds and mammals are best described as <u>homoplasies.</u>
Explanation:
In evolution, homoplasies are the trait shared in different species despite that their ancestors didn't have it at all. In other words, these are traits that can be gained or lost during evolution in different lineages independently. For example, wings of birds and wings of bats do the same function (help in flying) but they were not there in the ancestors so both animals developed these structures independently.
In the given example, birds and mammals have four-chambered heart but their ancestors have 3 chamber hearts. They evolved independently and developed 4 chamber heart. This might be due to several reasons. However, their ancestors didn't have the feature so it is an example of homoplasy.
Answer:
Musculoskeletal disorders
Explanation:
In the case shown above, the existence of musculoskeletal disorders should be evaluated initially so that the most appropriate treatment to repair any of these disorders and prevent more serious problems such as changes in posture, body movement and the natural movement of people should be started quickly. joints of the patient's body, which can cause physical deficiencies and severe deformations.
Answer:
A. NADH and FADH2 both donate electrons at the same location.
Explanation:
In the respiratory chain, four large protein complexes inserted into the mitochondrial inner membrane transport NADH and FADH₂ electrons (formed in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle) to oxygen gas, reducing them to NAD⁺ and FAD, respectively.
These electrons have great affinity for oxygen gas and, when combined with it, reduce it to water molecules at the end of the reaction.
Oxygen gas effectively participates in cellular respiration at this stage, so its absence would imply interruption of the process.
NADH and FADH₂ electrons, when attracted to oxygen, travel a path through protein complexes, releasing energy in this process.
The energy released by the NADH and FADH₂ electrons in the respiratory chain in theory yields <u>34</u> <u>ATP</u>, however, under normal conditions an average of 26 ATP molecules is formed.
If we consider that these 26 molecules are added to the two ATP formed in glycolysis and two ATP formed in the Krebs cycle, it can be said that cellular respiration reaches a maximum yield of 30 ATP per glucose molecule, although theoretically this number was 38 ATP per glucose molecule.
<span> Plasmolysis is an effect of osmosis in plants. Osmosis is the net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, such as a cell membrane, from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.
Hemolysis is the breaking open of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding fluid
Both are caused by osmosis</span>
