A sugar-phosphate backbone (alternating grey-dark grey) joins together nucleotides in a DNA sequence. The sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA. This backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, and defines directionality of the molecule.The two strands run in opposite directions, one going in a 3' to 5' direction and the other going in a 5' to 3' direction. The nitrogenous bases are positioned inside the helix structure like "rungs on a ladder," due to the hydrophobic effect, and stabilized by hydrogen bonding.
Uracil is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA that are represented by the letters A, G, C and U. The others are adenine, cytosine, and guanine. In RNA, uracil binds to adenine via two hydrogen bonds. In DNA, the uracil nucleobase is replaced by thymine. Uracil is a demethylated form of thymine.
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<span>Matter is recycled within and between ecosystems through biogeochemical cycles.
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In the citric acid cycle (also
known as Kreb’s Cycle), the enzyme that catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation reactions
is α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. The oxidative decarboxylation reaction is the
irreversible stage of the citric acid cycle; it generates NADH (equivalent of
2.5 ATP), and regenerates the 4C chain (CoA is excluded).
The trenbolone acetate caused frank's testicles to shrink<span> because the steroid is taking over
the job of the testes so the testes don’t have to do as much work making them
less muscular. Trenbolone acts in the same way
that testosterone acts, but the esterified form of the hormone is approximately
3 times more potent than the naturally occurring hormone; that is, 3 times more
testosterone is required to produce the same effects as a particular amount of
trenbolone acetate. </span>Some of
its trade names are Trenbol, ester derivative and synthetic steroid. Its chemical structure is similar
to that of testosterone, the naturally occurring hormone that is produced by
the testicles.
Answer:
Classification system changes because the scientists find new evidence in their studies.
Explanation: The world is always changing and growing and dying as well as developing, so over time things change. For example, as you grow up do you stay the same? No, you notice the physical changes happening, well thats sort of like how the earth and its ways are always changing as well.
