his hand dangling from the cookie jar - absolute phrase
This phrase describe the entire clause "Charles looked guilty", so it is considered and absolute phrase. An absolute phrase also had a noun and participle; the noun is hand, the participle is dangling.
the team's captain - appositive phrase, adjective phrase
This phrase clarifies that the quarterback is the team captain. An appositive phrase functions as an adjective phrase because it describes a specific noun.
Her confidence shaken - absolute phrase
This phrase contains a noun (confidence) and participle (shaken). It also describes the entire clause "Sheryl spelled the word again". These are the conditions for an absolute phrase.
the editor of the school paper - appositive phrase, adjective phrase
This phrase clarifies or renames Charlotte as the editor of the school paper.
