Answer:
E. All of the above
Explanation:
In cardiac contractile cells there is rapid depolarization, then a plateau phase and repolarization.
when an action potential stimulates the cell, voltage-gated channels open quickly commencing the positive-feedback mechanism of depolarization. This in turn raises the membrane potential to approximately +30 mV, and this closes the sodium channels. Next comes the plateau phase, where membrane potential declines relatively slowly due to the opening of the slow Ca2+ channels, allowing Ca2+ to enter the cell while few K+ channels are open, leading to K+ to exit. Once the membrane potential reaches approximately zero, the Ca2+ channels close and K+ channels open, allowing the exit of K+. The repolarization lasts approximately for a while and here is when the membrane potential drops until it reaches resting levels once more and repeats the cycle.
Independent of the conditions of the outside of the cell
Answer:
Sodium and water move into the cell
Explanation:
Sodium and water move into the cell. This is because
Cellular damage result in failure of the Na+/k+ pump, allowing movement of sodium ions into the cell. This concentration of sodium pulls water in, resulting in hydropic swelling. Cellular damage results in the cell's inability to perform normal metabolic functions because APT decreases and Osmotic finally pressure increases.
Answer:
The answer is:
D. the radiation of herbivores such as grazing animals
Explanation:
Oligocene and Miocene Epochs:
- The Oligocene epoch is characterized by temperate and subtropical climatic conditions which favored the expansion of grasses and reduced forest cover.
- The Miocene epoch, which succeeded the Oligocene era, is attributed to changes in global circulation due to global warming of the climate followed by global cooling towards the end.
The Oligocence and Miocene epoch are both attributed to the expansion of grasslands and savannah. Both eras marked rapid and drastic evolutionary changes in grazing mammals and herbivores. Diverse groups of grazing mammals lived throughout these eras. For example, the largest herbivore and land mammal of all time, <em>Indricotherium</em> (a sort of giant hornless rhinoceros), was present in the Oligocene era.
Similarly, the Oligocene era in North America favored the rapid radiation of primitive horses.
Explanation:
A mutation is made once in every <u>10 billion</u> nucleotides copied.
During the process of cell division, spontaneous changes within the genome can arise. These mutations are errors occur when copies of the DNA within the cell are made; mutations may range from small changes called single nucleotide polymorphisms, to large scale deletions, and additions which span multiple genes.
Further Explanation:
During reproduction other events, such as crossing over during mitosis and meiosis, mutations lead to increases in genetic variation. This variation refers to the genetic characteristics present within a species. Mutations may be either beneficial or deleterious; they are maintained within cells, as they form new traits called alleles. Beneficial mutations may confer traits that increase the fitness of a species, along with ensuring survival by conferring a protective advantage- these phenotypic differences between organisms are called adaptations.
Sequences of DNA make up genes which can have different forms called alleles. DNA, which makes up the genotype, is transcribed into mRNA and later translated into amino acids which are linked together by rRNA to form proteins which make up the phenotype of an organism. Mutations in DNA sequences affect the corresponding mRNA and thus the protein encoded.
Learn more about mutations at brainly.com/question/4602376
Learn more about DNA and RNA at brainly.com/question/2416343?source=aid8411316
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