Within a protein<span>, multiple </span>amino acids<span> are linked together by peptide bonds, thereby forming a long chain. Peptide bonds are formed by a biochemical reaction that extracts a water molecule as it joins the </span>amino<span> group of one </span>amino acid<span> to the carboxyl group of a neighboring </span>amino acid<span>.</span>
Answer:
Photoperiod signifies towards the time that an animal or a plant gets exposed to light in a twenty-four-hour duration. Different types of plants need different durations of light exposure to follow their respective life cycles.
On the basis of getting exposed to light differently, the plants are differentiated into short-day plants, long-day plants, day-neutral plants, and intermediate-day plants. The day-neutral plants will undergo flowering at any length of the day, given that there is the availability of minimum amount of light, which is essential for usual growth. For example, beans, tropical plants, cotton, and others.
On the other hand, the intermediate-day plants will not flower if the days are too long or too short, like different varieties of grasses.
<h2>GPCRs,RTKs</h2>
Explanation:
G Protein Coupled Receptors(GPCRs) are more common and found in almost all eukaryotes whereas Receptor Tyrosine Kinases(RTKs) are second largest family of receptors that relay signal from cell surface to the interior
- G protein coupled receptors(GPCRs) interacts with the ligand activated GPCR and phosphorylates its intracellular domain.This process of phosphorylation can terminate signal or desensitize receptor
- Autophosphorylation of receptor can initiate signal in case of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases(RTKs);Autophosphorylation is a feature of RTKs in which receptor dimerization activates intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity by which they phosphorylate its own tyrosine residue on cytosolic phase
- Seven transmembrane helices can be seen in case of G protein-coupled receptors(GPCRs);transmembrane protein of it consists of single polypeptide and spans the membrane 7 times
- Insulin receptor is a part of Insulin Signalling which comes under RTKs;Insulin receptor always exist in case of dimeric form
- Epinephrine receptor is an example of GPCRs;Epinephrine is an endocrine hormones produced in stress condition
- Transmembrane protein of GPCR activates G protein,activated G protein binds with effector enzyme and activate it;effector enzyme further can produce or destroy secondary messenger
A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by volcanic ash and droplets of sulfuric acid and water obscuring the Sun and raising Earth's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large, particularly explosive volcanic eruption.
