The 1st painting is called japanese bamboo painting. The 2nd is called Degas Portraits à La Bourse. They are both one brush single stroked paintings. But the 1st is ink and the 2nd is oil.... SOOOO I hope this gives you and understanding.....
Picture 1: This drawing is an example of vine charcoal. The medium used to create vine charcoal drawings is made by burning plant material, such as bamboo, into different consistencies. Picture 2: This is a chalk drawing. Chalk is a soft calcium based drawing medium made from ground minerals and fossilized shells that are mixed with a gum or resin.
During the Middle Ages plague swept across Europe and the world killing millions of people, to seek protection from the diseases people turned to god. Making religion more important then education