Quindlen links the conclusion to the introduction of her essay with the words "like many improbable ideas, when it works, it's a wonder", which is very close to her claim in the overall text, "America is an Improbable idea", it isn't supposed to work but it does despite all of the differences, specifically racial or ethnic, within it.
The mode of persuasion "ethos" appeals to beliefs or ideals of a community and also an authority figure's character or credibility to influence individuals through morals.
In the famous play "Julius Caesar", Mark Anthony changed the opinion of the Romans by making them hate Brutus and the conspirators using "ethos" to put their credibility on the spot with irony and sarcasm when he repeatedly calls them "Honorable Men"; on the other hand he praise Caesar's loyalty to him when he calls him "His faithful friend", making people empathize with his character.
The correct one is b. innocent child
