A theme that Geoffrey Chaucer develops through these two excerpts is that of treachery, since both King Peter of Spain and King Peter of Cyprus were betrayed and their lives ended tragically. King Peter of Spain was betrayed by a man named Bertrand, who had agreed to protect him in exchange for a great compensation, but who eventually handed him over to his half-brother, Henry, who promised him an even greater reward and who assassinated Peter in his tent in 1369, becoming the new king. This is narrated in the excerpt, where Bertrand is compared not with Oliver of Charlemagne, friend of Charlemagne, but with the knight that betrayed him ("No, Oliver of Charlemagne... such a trap!").
Peter I of Cyprus devoting his short yet intense life to fight Islam, and he led the short yet devastating Alexandrian Crusade, but his life ended abruptly. Betrayed by his wife and by some of his closer knights, he was assassinated in his bed also in 1369. This is also referred in the poem ("That conquered Alexandria... on thy bed!").
To sum up, both excerpts revolve around this theme, which they present very similarly: after emphasizing the deeds of the two historical characters, they finalize by regretting their tragic endings.
Kant's distinction between guardians and minors is based on the propensity of people to dwell in their own immaturity and let others take care of them. Both guardians and minors are victims of this propensity; only, they are placed on the opposite poles. Neither guardians nor minors dare to think for themselves. However, minors almost entirely give up their intellectual potential, indulging in their own laziness of the mind. They rely on different types of guardians. For example, priests are the guardians of their souls; physicians are the guardians of their bodies; politicians are the guardians of their social order, etc. Basically, they are lulled in their comfortable positions of non-thinkers. We have to say, though, that Kant doesn't judge on people for being one or the other. He just proposes that they can rise above those passive positions with the help of enlightenment.
C- reversal is used to show clover, representing the people, has changed ideals
