Motivation is the reason for people's actions, desires, and needs. Motivation is also one's direction to behavior, or what causes a person to want to repeat a behavior.[1] A motive is what prompts the person to act in a certain way, or at least develop an inclination for specific behavior.[2]
According to Maehr and Meyer, "Motivation is a word that is part of the popular culture as few other psychological concepts are."[3]
Types of theories and models:- Motivation theories can be classified on a number of bases:
<span><span>Natural vs. Rational: based on whether the underlying theory of human cognition is based on natural forces (drives, needs, desires) or some kind of rationality (instrumentality, meaningfulness, self-identity).</span><span>Content vs. Process: based on whether the focus is on the content ("what") motivates vs process ("how") motivation takes place.</span></span>
Motivation as a desire to perform an action is usually defined as having two parts, directional such as directed towards a positive stimulus or away from a negative one, as well as the activated "seeking phase" and consummatory "liking phase". This type of motivation has neurobiological roots in the basal ganglia, and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways. Activated "seeking" behavior, such as locomotor activity, is influenced by dopaminergic drugs, and microdialysis experiments reveal that dopamine is released during the anticipation of a reward.[4] The "wanting behavior" associated with a rewarding stimulus can be increased by microinjections of dopamine and dopaminergic drugs in the dorsorostral nucleus accumbens and posterior ventral palladium. Opioid injections in this area produce pleasure, however outside of these hedonic hotspots they create an increased desire.[5] Furthermore, depletion or inhibition of dopamine in neurons of the nucleus accumbens decreases appetitive but not consummatory behavior. Dopamine is further implicated in motivation as administration of amphetamine increased the break point in a progressive ratio self-reinforcement schedule. That is, subjects were willing to go to greater lengths (e.g. press a lever more times) to obtain a reward.[6]
<span>Psychological theories<span>[edit<span>]</span></span></span>
Answer/Explanation:
a. Directional selection is a form of natural <em>selection</em> that occurs when the conditions of an <em>environment</em> favors individuals of a <em>population</em> with an extreme trait that makes them have a <em>fitness</em> greater than other individuals with traits of lesser fitness that cannot survive and thrive well in the <em>environment</em> like the individuals with extreme traits that has greater <em>fitness</em>. In directional selection, the environmental condition of an <em>environment</em> favors the <em>selection</em> of individuals with a particular extreme trait only as against others with traits of less <em>fitness.</em>
b. Disruptive selection occurs when <em>selection</em> favors individuals of a <em>population</em> with extreme traits that has greater <em>fitness</em> to survive in an <em>environment, </em>while individuals of average traits with less <em>fitness </em>are selected against. <em>Selection</em> favors individuals of extreme values at both end of the spectrum.
c. Stabilizing selection occurs whereby, <em>selection</em> favors individuals of intermediate or average traits that has greater <em>fitness</em> to survive in an <em>environment </em>, while individuals in the <em>population</em> with extreme traits that have less <em>fitness</em> is selected against.
Answer:
Bounded rationality
Explanation:
The term bounded rationality was proposed by Herbert Simon to analyze the decision making process of agents in complex systems. In other words, bounded rationality refers to the decision making of an individual based on the limitation of the information needed to make that decision.
Since Evelyn has limited her research on machine screw suppliers to suppliers in her state only, in order to decide which supplier she will contact, we can say that Evelyn is using bounded rationality
.
The process in which is responsible of determining the
boundaries of the house districts every ten years is known to be redistricting.
This is a way or process of drawing electoral districts in boundaries that are
the ones who represent the people.
Answer:
They resemble each other in the way that they all were made or constructed almost entirely because of religious significance in order to pay homage to a person, deity, or place etc.
Explanation:
The differ in the way regarding the type of materials that they are made of, both relying heavily on materials sourced locally such as straw, limestone, bamboo etc.
They also differ in how they were constructed. This difference lies in the different methods used by the different peoples from these locations.
