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2 years ago

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Determine F12 and F21 for the following configurations: (a) A long semicircular duct with diameter of 0.1 meters: (b) A hemisphe

re-disk arrangement, with hemisphere diameter of 0.1 meters:

1 answer:

uysha [10]2 years ago

6 0

Answer:

long duct: 1.0 and 0.424

Hemisphere 1.0 ; 0.125; 0.5

Explanation:

For a long duct:

By inspection, $F_{12} = 1.0$

Calculating by reciprocity, $F_{21} = \frac{A_{1} }{A_{2}F_{12} } = \frac{2RL}{\frac{3}{4}*2\pi RL }* 1.0\\ = 0.424$

Hemisphere:

By reciprocity gives = 0.125

using the summation rule: $F_{21} + F_{22} + F_{23} = 1$

However, because this is a hemisphere, the value will be= 0.5 * 1

= 0.5

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=> Volume of coarse aggregate = 1567.125 / (2.4 x 62.4) = 10.46 ft3

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To maintain same water cement ratio, amount of mixing water is needed to be increased

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Unit weight = Sum of weight of each material / Total volume

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Total volume = 1 yd3 or 27 ft3

=> Expected Unit Weight = 3690.05 lb / 27 ft3 = 136.67 lb/ft3

Also, Concrete Yield = Weight of all components / Unit weight of concrete

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Answer:

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width w of the aluminium slab = 0.05 m

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thermal conductivity k = 231 W/m.K

Specific heat c = 1033 J/Kg.K

Let's first find the Biot Number Bi which can be expressed by the equation:

$Bi = \dfrac{hL_c}{k} \\ \\ Bi = \dfrac{h \dfrac{w}{2}}{k}$

$Bi = \dfrac{hL_c}{k} \\ \\ Bi = \dfrac{100 \times \dfrac{0.05}{2}}{231}$

$Bi = \dfrac{2.5}{231}$

Bi = 0.0108

The time constant value $\tau_t$ is :

$\tau_t = \dfrac{pL_cc}{h} \\ \\ \tau_t = \dfrac{p \dfrac{w}{2}c}{h}$

$\tau_t = \dfrac{2702* \dfrac{0.05}{2}*1033}{100}$

$\tau_t = \dfrac{2702* 0.025*1033}{100}$

$\tau_t = 697.79$

Considering Lumped capacitance analysis since value for Bi is less than 1

Then;

$Q= (pVc)\theta_1 [1-e^{\dfrac {-t}{ \tau_1}}]$

where;

$Q = -\Delta E _{st}$ which correlates with the change in the internal energy of the solid.

So;

$Q= (pVc)\theta_1 [1-e^{\dfrac {-t}{ \tau_1}}]= -\Delta E _{st}$

The maximum value for the change in the internal energy of the solid is :

$(pVc)\theta_1 = -\Delta E _{st}max$

By equating the two previous equation together ; we have:

$\dfrac{-\Delta E _{st}}{\Delta E _{st}{max}}= \dfrac{ (pVc)\theta_1 [1-e^{\dfrac {-t}{ \tau_1}}]} { (pVc)\theta_1}$

Similarly; we need to understand that the ratio of the energy storage to the maximum possible energy storage = 0.75

Thus;

$0.75= [1-e^{\dfrac {-t}{ \tau_1}}]}$

So;

$0.75= [1-e^{\dfrac {-t}{ 697.79}}]}$

$1-0.75= [e^{\dfrac {-t}{ 697.79}}]}$

$0.25 = e^{\dfrac {-t}{ 697.79}}$

$In(0.25) = {\dfrac {-t}{ 697.79}}$

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t = 1.386294361 × 697.79

t = 967.34 s

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$\dfrac{T - T _{\infty}}{T_1-T_{\infty}}= e ^ {\dfrac{-t}{\tau_t}}$

$\dfrac{T - 600}{25-600}= e ^ {\dfrac{-967.34}{697.79}$

$\dfrac{T - 600}{25-600}= 0.25$

$\dfrac{T - 600}{-575}= 0.25$

T - 600 = -575 × 0.25

T - 600 = -143.75

T = -143.75 + 600

T = 456.25° C

Hence; the temperature of the aluminum at this time is 456.25° C

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