1. Circulus in demonstrando: Also known as circular reasoning because the reasoning assumes the conclusion is true.
2. Argumentum ad populum: Sometimes occurs due to “peer pressure” or groupthink phenomenon when you may be influenced to conform to the opinion of the group.
3. Single cause/complex cause: a causal situation where we are unsure of the actual root cause of the issue. It’s possible to ignore a possible cause or to incorrectly assume a common cause.
4. Red herring: this argument states that the action (or conclusion) is a justified response to another wrong action (or conclusion)
5. Argument from ignorance: this occurs when there is no real evidence for the argument. Superstitions are a good example of this.
6. False dilemma: the “either/or” fallacy – the argument presents only two extreme alternatives and does not allow for alternative options.
7. Association fallacy: indicates that one negative action will lead to another, and then another worse one, and so on and so forth all leading to a terrible end result
Changes in factors like average income and preferences can cause an entire demand curve to shift right or left. This causes a higher or lower quantity to be demanded at a given price. Demand curves relate the prices and quantities demanded assuming no other factors change. It is important for consumers to know this information, because it is crucial for them to know what they can afford and can't afford.
A. Bombing more than 60 Japanese cities, C. Declaring a Soviet attack on Japan, and E. Issuing the Potsdam Declaration
