Answer:
B. Granulocyte
Explanation:
Granulocyte is the type of white blood cell with fragments in its cytoplasm. These fragments usually help in the digesting the cells of the foreign body(pathogenic organisms).
There are three main types of Granulocytes which are known as the Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. They all perform variety of functions ranging from phagocytosis to cell lysis of foreign bodies.
Answer:
a. DNA polymerase proofreading: consequence of its absence is the DNA mutation
b. Mismatch repair enzymes
: consequence of its absence impedes homologous recombination resulting in the final mutation
c. Nucleotide excision repair enzymes
: the absence of nucleotide cleavage repair enzymes would impede the functioning of damaged DNA repair mechanisms
Explanation:
a. DNA polymerases are the enzymes that form the DNA in cells. During DNA replication (copying), most DNA polymerases can "check their work" with each base they add. This process is called review. If the polymerase detects that you have added a wrong nucleotide (incorrectly paired), remove it and replace it immediately, before continuing with DNA synthesis
b. In homologous recombination, the information from the homologous chromosome that matches that of the damaged one (or from a sister chromatid if the DNA has been copied) is used to repair the fragmentation. In this process the two homologous chromosomes are approached and the undamaged region of the homologue or the chromatide is used as a template to replace the damaged region of the broken chromosome. Homologous recombination is "cleaner" than the union of non-homologous ends and does not usually cause 11 mutations
c. Excision repair: damage to one or a few DNA bases is usually fixed by removing (excising) and replacing the damaged region. In repair by base cleavage, only the damaged base is removed. In nucleotide excision repair, as in the mating repair we saw earlier, a nucleotide section is removed
Inserting foreign genes into fertilized goats eggs
I) Locus- the chromosomal site where a specific gene is located. A locus is a fixed position on a chromosome, like the position of a gene or a marker. Each chromosome carries ,many genes; human's estimated haploid (n) protein coding genes are about 20,000, on the 23 different chromosomes.
ii) Interference; the observed double crossover frequency differs from the expected double crossover frequency. Cross over interference is used to refer to the non-random placement of crossovers with respect to each other during meiosis. It results in widely spaced crossovers along chromosomes. Interference may exert its effect across whole chromosomes. As chromosomes in many eukaryotes are large, interference must be able to act over megabase lengths of DNA.
iii) Linkage- the tendency for genes located in close proximity on the same chromosome to be inherited together. Normally when two genes are close together on the same chromosome, they do not assort independently and are said to be linked. Whereas genes located on different chromosomes assort independently and have a recombination frequency of 50%, linked genes have a recombination frequency that is less than 50%.
iv) Recombination- the process by which a new pattern of alleles on a chromosome is generated. Genetic recombination is the production of offspring with combinations f traits that differ from those found in either parent. During meiosis in eukaryotes, genetic recombination involves the pairing of homologous chromosomes. This may be followed by information transfer between the chromosomes.
A change in membrane potential
