Answer:
1. Binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor
2. Activation of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
3. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins
4. Activation of PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1)
5. Phosphorylation of phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)
6. Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3
7. Activation of Akt
8. Glut4 receptors transported to cell membrane
Ileostomy is a procedure where the end of the small intestine, called the ileum, is brought out of an opening in the belly through surgery. The opening is called a stoma, and its shiny, bright red in color. It is often done after the large intestine has been removed due to cancer or serious physical injuries. Having a stoma, and the need of emptying it several times a day, is disfiguring so the patient often suffer from poor self image. The patient in the case, may be concerned of being unable to continue romantic relationships due to having a stoma. As a nurse, make sure to first make patient understand that ileostomy surgery does not involve the reproductive organs or the gonads. Then, acknowledge that while having a stoma is disfiguring, many organizations are helping increase awareness and acceptance of those who have the condition. Refer the patient to such local stoma advocacy organizations.
This is a difficult question because the paragraph says that the scientists found the crater was dated back to the time the dinosaurs became extinct according to the fossil record, so that would make it true, but what it does not say is where they got the fossil record from or how the fossil record is correct, so that would make it false. So I would put it in as false.
Somatic mutation
This happens in a single
cell of a developing somatic tissue. This cell is the progenitor of a
population of identical mutant cells, all of which have descended from the cell
that mutated. Additionally, they do not occur in cells that give rise to gametes;
therefore, the mutation cannot be passed on to descendants by sexual means. Somatic
mutation are often called acquired mutation because the change in genetic structure
is not inherited from a parent for they do not affect the germline. Thus, to
maintain the mutation, the individual containing the mutation must be clone.
Example: In red delicious apple, the
mutant allele that determine the golden color of an apple arose in a flower’s
ovary wall, which eventually developed into a fleshy part of the apple. The seeds
are not mutant so it will still give rise to red apple tree. Therefore, the golden
delicious apple originally arose from a mutant branch of a red delicious apple
tree.
Germline mutation
If a gene is altered in a germ cell,
the mutation is called germinal mutation. Germline tissue is set aside in the
course of development to form sex cells. Germ cells gives rise to gametes, so if
a mutant sex cell participates in the fertilization, then the mutation will be
passed on to the next generation. Moreover, germinal mutations will not be
expressed in the individual containing the mutation.
<span>Example: A hereditary case of
albinism are often link to germline mutation where individual of this disorder
are more prone to many types of cancers and may have impaired visions.</span>
