Molecular biology - DNA
development biology - embryo
comparative anatomy - limb of pig and calf
Explanation:
A mutation is made once in every <u>10 billion</u> nucleotides copied.
During the process of cell division, spontaneous changes within the genome can arise. These mutations are errors occur when copies of the DNA within the cell are made; mutations may range from small changes called single nucleotide polymorphisms, to large scale deletions, and additions which span multiple genes.
Further Explanation:
During reproduction other events, such as crossing over during mitosis and meiosis, mutations lead to increases in genetic variation. This variation refers to the genetic characteristics present within a species. Mutations may be either beneficial or deleterious; they are maintained within cells, as they form new traits called alleles. Beneficial mutations may confer traits that increase the fitness of a species, along with ensuring survival by conferring a protective advantage- these phenotypic differences between organisms are called adaptations.
Sequences of DNA make up genes which can have different forms called alleles. DNA, which makes up the genotype, is transcribed into mRNA and later translated into amino acids which are linked together by rRNA to form proteins which make up the phenotype of an organism. Mutations in DNA sequences affect the corresponding mRNA and thus the protein encoded.
Learn more about mutations at brainly.com/question/4602376
Learn more about DNA and RNA at brainly.com/question/2416343?source=aid8411316
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Biological augmentation is a process that uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem. It involves the addition of archaea, or bacteria cultures required to speed up the rate of degradation of a contaminant, this is supplementation application of non-toxic, natural, beneficial microbes, enzymes and minerals to enhance the rate of degradation.
This is physics, electricity.
I'll break it down for you, very easy:
you have to use the formula V=IR
where V= voltage in volts (V)
I= current in Amperes (A)
R= resistance in ohms (Ω)
so what you require is I, current there you have to rearrange the formula to subject current;
I=V/R
=9/5= 1.8Ω (ans)