Answer:
a) The response indicates that a pH below or above this range will most likely cause enolase to denature/change its shape and be less efficient or unable to catalyze the reaction.
b)The response indicates that the appropriate negative control is to measure the reaction rate (at the varying substrate concentrations) without any enzyme present.
c)The response indicated that the enolase has a more stable/functional/correct/normal protein structure at the higher temperature of 55°C than at 37°C because the enzyme is from an organism that is adapted to growth at 55°C.
Explanation:
Enolase catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate during both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.In bacteria, enolases are highly conserved enzymes and commonly exist as homodimers.
The temperature optimum for enolase catalysis was 80°C, close to the measured thermal stability of the protein which was determined to be 75°C, while the pH optimum for enzyme activity was 6.5. The specific activities of purified enolase determined at 25 and 80°C were 147 and 300 U mg−1 of protein, respectively. Km values for the 2-phosphoglycerate/phosphoenolpyruvate reaction determined at 25 and 80°C were 0.16 and 0.03 mM, respectively. The Km values for Mg2+ binding at these temperatures were 2.5 and 1.9 mM, respectively.
Enolase-1 from Chloroflexus aurantiacus (EnoCa), a thermophilic green non-sulfur bacterium that grows photosynthetically under anaerobic conditions. The biochemical and structural properties of enolase from C. aurantiacus are consistent with this being thermally adapted.
The label A represents mitochondria.
The mitochondria is also called the powerhouse of the cell which converts glucose to energy rich molecules of ATP.
Label B represents nucleus.
Nucleus contains the genetic material or DNA, RNA , nucleolus, chromatin fibres and proteins. It contains the chromosomes which control the hereditary characteristics.
Label C represents lysosome.
Lysosomes contain digestive juices which breaks down large cell parts and large molecules and helps in intracellular digestion.
Label D represents rough endoplasmic reticulum having ribosomes.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum provides surface for protein synthesis. It is also used to transport cellular contents from one cell to another.
Psoriasis is a skin disease that manifests itself in symptoms of varying severity. It is a chronic disease that can not be cured but can be alleviated by many treatments (like chemotherapy).
Photochemotherapy: also called P-UVA. It consists of the combination of UVA (a type of UV light) radiation after the local or oral administration of a psoralen that acts as a sensitizing photo. It is used alternately in patients for whom UVB (another type of UV) has no effect, as P-UVA is more effective and longer-lasting, but is associated with basiloma (basal cell carcinoma) and melanoma.
Answer:
: A decrease in pH is too acidic compared to optimum pH for amylase activity.
