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arsen [322]
1 year ago
12

An antigen can induce an immune response in a host organism. Antigens are targeted by antibodies that are produced by the organi

sm’s immune system in response to contact with the antigen. Antibodies are specific to antigens. Many different cell types are involved in immune responses. Which of the following best describes the role of cell-to-cell communication during a response to an invasion of antigens?
a. A macrophage cell engulfs a pathogen in the blood.
b. Antigens attaching to receptors on memory B cells stimulate the memory B cells to become plasma cells.
c. Antigen-presenting cells engulf antigens at the first exposure.
d. Chemicals that are secreted from antigen-presenting cells then activate helper T cells.
Biology
1 answer:
Trava [24]1 year ago
6 0

chemicals that are secreted from antigen-presenting cells then activate helper T cells describes the role of cell-to-cell communication during a response to an invasion of antigens.

Explanation: Antibodies are present on the surface of the cells, and binds specifically to antigens and can also engulf pathogen and process these cells presenting them to MHC class 2. This complex is activated by helper T cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages. This interaction of B-cell and MHC class 2 complex with helper T cell is cell-mediated immune response.

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Answer:

Following are the answer to this question:

Explanation:

In option a:

There are many ways, which can be defined as follows:  

  • It keeping cells "qualified," use heat shock and handle ions like Ca and ice incubating.
  • It uses Micro-injection with DNA.  
  • It uses the biolistics or even the process of gene-gun.  

The stable cell charts indicate simple and definitive outcomes when their relationship to specific results. Moreover, relative to temporary cell lines, findings are more reliable and error-free. These lines also easily break and much less.

In option b:

Radio tests including linking tests could be used  

The Ligand Binding Assays is an analysis, that is based on the binding of ligands to antibodies, or other macromolecules. Its existence and distance of formed ligand-receptor complexes are defined using a system of measurement that is usually electrical or fluorescent.

In option c:

The method for measuring the levels of cell growth is accessible and the  Another way is to measure the metabolism within the same cell. So many color pigments were also accessible that can permeate an organism as well as react with some proteins as well as other factors, and that can effectively identify a color final product.  

Throughout relation to the amount of metabolism exercise, cell proliferation could be evaluated by researching one or even more cell markings. The BrdU limited liability assessment is a very well-published illustration.  

Its specific antibody can detect BrdU and high BrdUincorporations levels are linked to high levels of cell proliferation.  Command cell without DNA receptor growth hormone.

In option d:

The cell growth will stop after each use of RNA interference ( RNAi). The p007 formation as well as the effect on growth caused by the intrusion will be a goal. If development is delayed effectively, the theory will be tested successfully to a cell without any of the required DNA. The RNAi is the free cell

5 0
2 years ago
Bacteria may be killed during cooking, but may leave behind ______ that will later grow and produce more bacteria.
Aliun [14]
The answer is SPORES.

Some bacteria, take for example clostridium can be killed with heat but still leave their spores.

They are heat-resistant spores that may survive cooking and later grow and produce large numbers of cells if the storage temperature is appropriate for their growth.


7 0
1 year ago
A water molecule has to pass through various organelles of a plant cell before reaching the nucleus. List in order the path that
Salsk061 [2.6K]

Answer:

cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, vacuole, ER and nucleous

Explanation:

6 0
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Option A, shared their data with colleagues to obtain feedback on the work.

Explanation:

All researchers prefer to share their findings with their peers or other researchers working in the same field to get their reviews. This step is very essential as it makes the research authentic and removes the flaws that would have otherwise missed by the researcher.  

Peer reviewers also give useful suggestion to further modify one’s research study based on their experiences.  

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1. In cell membranes with aquaporins can water move across the membrane?
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1.B. Yes, water is able to pass across the membrane through the aquaporins

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