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navik [9.2K]
2 years ago
9

Remember that it is desirable for good block ciphers that a change in one input bit affects many output bits, a property that is

called diffusion or the avalanche effect. We try now to get a feeling for the avalanche property of DES. We apply an input word that has a "1" at bit position 33 and all other bits as well as the key are zero. (Note that the input word has to run through the initial permutation.) 1. How many S-boxes get different inputs compared to the case when an all-zero plaintext is provided? 2. What is the minimum number of output bits of the S-boxes that will change according to the S-box design criteria? 3. What is the output after the first round? 4. How many output bit after the first round have actually changed compared to the case when the plaintext is all zero? (Observe that we only consider a single round here. There will be more and more output differences after every new round. Hence the term avalanche effect.)
Computers and Technology
1 answer:
olga_2 [115]2 years ago
4 0

Answer:

hlo

Explanation:

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Give a proof for each statement.
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Answer:

  • If a group of 9 kids have won a total of 100 trophies, then at least one of the 9 kids has won at least 12 trophies.
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  • The average of three real numbers is greater than or equal to at least one of the numbers.

Explanation:

1)

Suppose that  each kid has less than 12 trophies

Total trophies = 100

Maximum trophies won by one kid = 11

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total number of trophies = 9 * 11 = 99 which contradicts the fact the total number of trophies are 100

2)

Suppose that  person has less than 2 cups of coffee a day

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he has bought at least one cup of coffee each day

which means

total number of cups of coffee = 1* 366 = 366 which contradicts the fact the person buys at least 400 cups of coffee in a year

3)

Average of three number = (a+ b+ c)/3

suppose that there are real numbers a, b, and c such  that all three numbers are less than the average of the three numbers.

Let m be the average (a+b+c )/3 = m. Then our assumption states that (a < m) and  (b < m) and (c < m). By adding all the inequalities we get a + b + c < 3m. But m is  defined to be (a+b+c) /3  , so a + b + c = 3m.  But now we have that 3m = a + b + c < 3m. So 3m < 3m which is an obvious  contradiction. Thus our claim is true

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Answer:

2. Scientists use seismometers to measure the earthquake activity that occurs beneath a volcano. They then predict the eruption of that volcano.

Explanation:

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1. Before a volcano erupts, earthquake activity beneath the volcano decreases.2. Scientists use seismometers to measure the earthquake activity that occurs beneath a volcano. They then predict the eruption of that volcano.3. When a volcano erupts, the amount of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide emitted decreases. 4.Scientists measure the amount of these gases to determine the amount of magma present in the volcanic reservoir.

The answer is certainly 2. as seismometers are being used to find out the details of the earthquake activities which occur inside a volcano. And with this information, the volcanologists then predict the eruption of that particular volcano. Hence, the 2nd option does not have any factual errors, and all the others have factual errors.

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