The structure of a typical antibody molecule
Antibodies are the secreted form of the B-cell receptor. An antibody is identical to the B-cell receptor of the cell that secretes it except for a small portion of the C-terminus of the heavy-chain constant region. In the case of the B-cell receptor the C-terminus is a hydrophobic membrane-anchoring sequence, and in the case of antibody it is a hydrophilic sequence that allows secretion. Since they are soluble, and secreted in large quantities, antibodies are easily obtainable and easily studied. For this reason, most of what we know about the B-cell receptor comes from the study of antibodies.
Antibody molecules are roughly Y-shaped molecules consisting of three equal-sized portions, loosely connected by a flexible tether. Three schematic representations of antibody structure, which has been determined by X-ray crystallography, are shown in Fig. 3.1. The aim of this part of the chapter is to explain how this structure is formed and how it allows antibody molecules to carry out their dual tasks—binding on the one hand to a wide variety of antigens, and on the other hand to a limited number of effector molecules and cells. As we will see, each of these tasks is carried out by separable parts of the molecule. The two arms of the Y end in regions that vary between different antibody molecules, the V regions. These are involved in antigen binding, whereas the stem of the Y, or the C region, is far less variable and is the part that interacts with effector cells and molecules.
The most likely dispersion pattern of the plants that grow from these seeds is random.
<u>Explanation:</u>
In a habitat, the pattern in which the seeds of the plants gets dispersed can be classified into three types They are random, uniform and clumped. The pattern of distribution of the seeds helps in determining the relation that exists between different members and their spaces in an ecosystem.
The dispersed seeds have an equal space of distribution and hence it is called as uniform distribution. In a random distribution the seeds get to disperse and grow wherever they fall. This happens because of wind. When wind blows they take the seeds with them and when they stop they will make the seeds to fall wherever they stop blowing. this is an example of random dispersion of seeds.
Answer: CO2 increases.
Explanation: Organisms are decomposed by bacteria. When organisms die, Carbon Dioxide is released into the atmosphere or water.
Hi one class of pollutants that can cause excessive growth of algae is-- inorganic plant nutrients.
Hope this helps you.
