Answer:
a) The response indicates that a pH below or above this range will most likely cause enolase to denature/change its shape and be less efficient or unable to catalyze the reaction.
b)The response indicates that the appropriate negative control is to measure the reaction rate (at the varying substrate concentrations) without any enzyme present.
c)The response indicated that the enolase has a more stable/functional/correct/normal protein structure at the higher temperature of 55°C than at 37°C because the enzyme is from an organism that is adapted to growth at 55°C.
Explanation:
Enolase catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate during both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.In bacteria, enolases are highly conserved enzymes and commonly exist as homodimers.
The temperature optimum for enolase catalysis was 80°C, close to the measured thermal stability of the protein which was determined to be 75°C, while the pH optimum for enzyme activity was 6.5. The specific activities of purified enolase determined at 25 and 80°C were 147 and 300 U mg−1 of protein, respectively. Km values for the 2-phosphoglycerate/phosphoenolpyruvate reaction determined at 25 and 80°C were 0.16 and 0.03 mM, respectively. The Km values for Mg2+ binding at these temperatures were 2.5 and 1.9 mM, respectively.
Enolase-1 from Chloroflexus aurantiacus (EnoCa), a thermophilic green non-sulfur bacterium that grows photosynthetically under anaerobic conditions. The biochemical and structural properties of enolase from C. aurantiacus are consistent with this being thermally adapted.
The sun provides the energy just like it provides energy for most things on this planet.
Answer:
<u> C) Each type of sensory receptor responds only to the stimulus that defines the receptor</u>
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Explanation:
Neurons, specialized cells within the nervous system. These help with coordinated movement ad communication within the body through the transmission of electrical signals.
Sensory receptors are highly specialized neurons. These are able to detect various chemical and physical stimuli, and are classified by their ability to detect certain stimuli such as:
- photoreceptors
- mechanoreceptors
- chemoreceptors
- thermoreceptors
Sensory receptors respond to certain intensities of stimuli, instead of one specific stimulus. e.g. Mechanoreceptors within the skin can respond to pressure changes due to touch, but may also detect sound due to specific vibrations.
Answer: Regulation of activity by higher brain centers.
Explanation: The autonomic nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system and is responsible for involuntary actions that occur without control, such as breathing and heart rate.
The somatic nervous system is also part of the peripheral nervous system but is responsible for the transmission of signals to the skeletal muscles and from receptors of external stimuli.
The peripheral nervous system regulates systems such as the nerves and ganglia that are found outside of the brain and spinal cord. Thus the autonomic and somatic nervous systems differ, but both are not involved in the regulation of activity by higher brain centers.
