Answer:
C. Nernst equation
Explanation:
The Nernst Equation is used to find the equilibrium potential of an ion.
It tells you only what the equilibrium potential for an individual ion is, not what the summed effect of all ions is on the membrane potential.
The formula for Nernst Equation is:
=
In
where F is Faraday Constant, R = gas constant, 8.314 J/mol K
, T = temperature, in K, Z stoichiometric number of electrons in the reaction, is the Reduction Potential in V.
Kindly note that, if we have a squid giant axon at rest with normal intracellular and extracellular ion concentrations. If the membrane permeability to K+ ions is increased, the K+ equilibrium potential (Nernst potential) will stay the same.
1 Cardiac muscle cells
2 Smooth muscle cells
3 skeletal muscle cells
According to the top down control, each trophic level is controlled by the very next trophic level. It says that predators control the population of prey.
Therefor the correct answer is D
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An aphid eats from grass which creates High levels of glucose from the process of photosynthesis therefore when the aphid eats the grass the glucose is transferred to the aphid and as a result has a higher concentration of dissolved sugars
The phagocytes are the cells that protect the body from pathogens. They engulf and devour the pathogens and foreign particles. This process is called the Phagocytosis.
After the phagocytosis process is over, the phagocytes are expected to participate in the antigen presentation. The antigen presentation is the process in which the phagocytic cells move some of the parts of the ingested pathogen to be presented to the other cells of the immune system so that anti bodies are created so that the immune cells become equipped to fight the same pathogen attack again