<span>The three essential principles of test construction are listed below:
I. Standardization
II. Reliability
III. Validity
</span>Standardization- To standardize a test means that test is given to a large, representative sample of people, in order to establish the norms that future test takers are compared against (using a normal distribution)
Reliability - This principle requires that a test must produce reliable, consistent results when it is repeated. The reliability of a test can be verified using the test-retest method or the split-half method.
Validity - This refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.
The Arctic Fox lives in the Arctic Tundra (more or less around Alaska, Iceland I think, and other places like that). During the winter, their fur is very thick and solid white (not always SOLID but generally speaking). During the summer and spring, their fur turns brown.
1. Of course, during the winter in those regions, it's going to be snowing and ice is going to be all over the ground. By having a white coat, they're able to blend in and hide from predators, such as the Arctic Wolf and Polar Bears. By turning brown, they'll be able to blend in with the dirt after the snow and ice melts, and again, hide from predators. For the other fox, their brown coat blends in with the dirt, trees, dead leaves, etc. and they'll be able to hide from prey and predators alike.
2. The Arctic Fox also has very thick fur during the winter, which allows it to survive the extreme temperatures. They also dig burrows in the snow for shelter in blizzards. This gives them the ability to survive natural disasters (at least one of them).
I can't think of a third one but these should give you a pretty good idea of how their adaptations help them survive. I really love the Arctic fox so I know quite a bit about them. I really hope this helps you.
Answer:
The correct answers to the question are:
- The concentration of solute bathing the inner side of the plant cell membrane should be high.
- The concentration of solute bathing the outer side of the plant cell membrane should be low.
Explanation:
- Turgidity can be defined as a condition in which the cell membrane of the plants cells becomes completely extended as a result of which it pushes tightly against the cell wall.
- This happens when the cell takes up water from its environment and stores it in the vacuoles.
- Water enters to the inside of the cell by the process of Osmosis.
- Osmosis can be defined as the process by which molecules tend to move or diffuse from a region where its concentration is high to another region where its concentration is low, provided the two regions are separated by a semi-permeable membrane.
- In any region, the concentration of solute and and concentration of solvent bears an inverse relationship. This means that the region where the solute concentration is high, the solvent concentration is low and where the solute concentration is low, the solvent concentration is high.
- In the given question, as the cell takes up water from the surrounding into its vacuole to become turgid, so by the concept of osmosis, the concentration of water must have been high outside the cell and low inside the cell.
- Again by the inverse concentration concept of solute and solvent, the concentration of solute inside the cell should be more than the concentration of solute outside the cell.
Answer:
by the sarcoplasmic reticulum's calcium ion pumps
Explanation:
Rigor mortis or postmortem rigidity, is a state caused by chemical changes in the muscles that occur post mortem and cause the limbs of the corpse to stiffen.
This occurs because after death, there is no cellular respiration and consequently, no oxygen nor ATP (ATP is required for the muscle relaxation).
Calcium enters the cytosol after death because it is released due to the deterioration of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and due to the breakdown of the sarcolemma. Ca2+ ions activate the formation of actin-myosin cross-bridging necessary for the contraction. Muscles are unable to relax, because myosin heads continue to bind with the active sites of actin and there is no ATP to destabilize the myosin-actin bond.
Answer:
C
Explanation: A fish can live in water and get carbon in the air bubbles but it's not enough carbon to thrive off of so the fish may need to eat other fish or plankton in the water. The second example A wolf would get its carbon from both the air and water but would still need extra carbons so that is why it would hunt a deer to consume its carbons. Also, the deer would get its carbons from the air, water, and grass. the grass would get its carbons from water and air. NOW DO YOU GET IT EVERYTHING IS CARBONS AND LIVES OFF OF THEM AND IT WILL ALWAYS BE THAT WAY!
