According to Cloward and Ohlin's theory, there are three subcultures juveniles may enter:
Criminal subcultures
Conflict subcultures
Retreatist subcultures
Criminal subcultures gear towards organized crimes, where they commit criminal acts to climb the social ladder in the criminal world and are rewarded through financial means.
Conflict subcultures on the other hand tend to do less serious crimes, but instead use violence as a way to gain respect.
Retreatist subcultures turn to drugs and alcohol, seeing themselves as rejects.
With that, the answer would be Conflict subcultures or a conflict gang.
i believe iut will be the first option
Answer:
1. Operant conditioning
2. Associative Learning
3. after a few hours without the food (US), the tone (CS) was presented again
4. negative reinforcement
Explanation:
Operant conditioning is learning process where the behaviors are associated with rewards or punishment. It works on the premise that an individual is likely to do a certain act or behavior if it results in a reward; and an individual is less likely to do the behavior, if it results in punishment.
Associative learning theory states that behavior of an individual can be changed or learned based on stimulus and response. In simpler terms, we learn through experience. When a behavior is associated with a negative response, then individuals will avoid that behavior. If it is associated with a positive response, then individuals would do the behavior to elicit that same response. Learning is achieved when we do not need a stimulus like a reward or punishment to do or not do the behavior.
Spontaneous recovery is an event where after a rest period from the stimulus, the conditioned response will re-emerge. For example with the dog and the bell. After not associating the sound of the bell with food, the dog does not salivate anymore. But after sometime, when the bell is suddenly rang, the dog would start to salivate again. This shows that even if something is extinguished, it doesn't mean that it is unlearned.
Negative reinforcement can also be a stimulus to do an action. If with positive reinforcement, yougive a reward for a behavior that is done. You can also punish to make the individual do the behavior. In the case of your quesiton, the whining behavior of the son is a form of negative reinforcement. This is because the mother was force to do what the sun wanted because she could not take the complaining and whining. So it served as a stimulus to do the behavior.
I believe the answer is C. Before the 80s the Russians were used to authoritarian dictatorship.
