Answer:
Year Cashflow [email protected]% PV [email protected]% PV
$ $ $
0 (1,100) 1 (1,100) 1 (1,100)
1-8 47.4 5.3349 252.87 7.0197 332.73
8 1,000 0.4665 465.5 0.7894 789.4
NPV (381.63) NPV 22.13
Kd = LR + NPV1/NPV1+NPV2 x (HR – LR)
Kd = 3 + 22.13/22.13 + 381.63 x (10 – 3)
Kd = 3 + 22.13/403.76 x 7
Kd = 3 + 0.38
Kd = 3.38%
Explanation:
Cost of debt is calculated based on internal rate of return formula. In year 0, we will consider the current market price of the bond as cashflow. In year 1 to 8, we will consider the after-tax coupon as the cashflow. The after-tax coupon is calculated as R(1 - T). R is 6% x $1,000 = $60 and tax is 21%. Thus, we have $60(1 - 0.21) = $47.4. then we will discount the cashflows for 8 years so as to obtain the internal rate of return. The internal rate of return represents cost of debt.
Answer:
A.the marketing environment
Explanation:
The Marketing Environment includes the Internal factors (employees, customers, shareholders, retailers & distributors, etc.) and the External factors( political, legal, social, technological, economic) that surround the business and influence its marketing operations.
Some of these factors are controllable while some are uncontrollable and require business operations to change accordingly. Firms must be well aware of its marketing environment in which it is operating to overcome the negative impact the environment factors are imposing on firm’s marketing activities.
Answer:
The calculation will be more accurate, because the base year is the oldest.
CPI is calculated as
(P_n / P_base - 1)*100
as:
P_n prices at time n
The mathematical reason why it is better to take the oldest year is that % growth works better
