1. At what age do children begin to use language?---> <em>E. Developmental Psychology
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Developmental psychology refers to a branch of psychology that investigates the physical, psychological, neurological, cognitive, social and moral growth and development individuals go through during their entire lifespan, from birth to death. Developmental psychologists investigate topics such as language acquisition in childhood, </span>bio<span>psychological changes experienced by adolescents, cognitive functioning in old age, etc.
2. </span>How do adolescent brains develop?---> <span><em>B. Biopsychology </em>
Bio</span>psychology refers to branch of psychology that investigates the biological basis or influence on our behavior. Specifically, biopsychology examines how brain anatomy and function influence our behavior, how hormones influence our behavior, how physical deformities in the brain affect behavior, the role of genetics in behavior, etc. A biopsychologist might study topics such as the effect of suffering a stroke on behavior and cognition, how brain abnormalities are linked to mental or learning difficulties, the influence of genetics on personality, etc.
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3. </span>How can I lead a happier life?---> <span><em>A. Positive psychology</em>
Positive psychology is the scientific study of human happiness, optimal functioning, and qualities that enable humans to thrive and lead fulfilling lives. Positive psychology most commonly teaches us how to live a happy and rewarding life, and how to appreciate our own innate qualities and virtues. Unlike other areas of psychology, p</span>ositive psychology focuses on strengths that a person has and fortifying those strengths, rather than focusing on limitations.
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4. </span>How do our thoughts affect our self-concept?---> <em>C. Cognitive psychology</em><span>
Cognitive psychology is an area of psychology that focuses on human thoughts, perceptions, memory, attention, appraisals, etc. Cognitive psychologists investigate topics such as memory capacity, cognitive biases, how our thoughts affects our self-perception, etc.
5. </span>How can we reduce prejudice?---> <em>D. </em><em>Social psychology</em>
Social psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on a broad range of topics such as: group behavior and influences on individual behavior and beliefs, prejudice, discrimination, interactions between individuals and how they vary across cultures, etc. Furthermore, social psychology provides insight into the causes of prejudice and discrimination, and what can be done to reduce it.
Most lotteries allow the winner to take a lump sum or an annuity. The lump sum is a single cash transfer whereas the annuity is a series of annual payments. Most lottery winners, if given the choice, take the lump sum payment. They want all of the money immediately, and that is the main advantage. You have full and complete access to the money. The lump sum payment can have disadvantages, however.
First, if your lottery prize is less than $10 million, you may be in a better income tax position if you receive the proceeds over several years via an annuity rather than up front. Why? Lottery wins are subject to income tax in the year you receive the money. If you take the lump sum option, the entire $10 million is subject to income tax that year. However, if you choose the annuity option, the payments could come to you over several decades. For example, instead of $10 million of income in one year, your annuity payment might be $300,000 a year. Although the $300,000 would be subject to income tax, it would keep you out of the highest state and federal income tax brackets. (In fact, the 2018 tax brackets allow individuals to have an income of $500,000 a year – and those who are married filing jointly, $600,000 – and still be in the 35%, rather than 37% bracket.)
Second, I strongly believe that for certain people who are more prone to spending, won’t get help from advisors and/or have certain familial pressures, the lump sum option can create more problems. There are lots of lottery winners who you never hear about who do just fine, but there are others who ruin their finances, relationships and lives after they win. For them, having less access to the full amount of the win is better. Instead of having to manage $15 million, they may be much better at managing $800,000 a year.
The annuity is not as cool as a big check, but I’ve never heard anyone complain about receiving a check in the mail every year.
<span>A grievance that can not be resolved through the normal grievance process it moves to arbitration. In this process the parties appeal to a third party arbitrator who is empowered to make a decision binding on both parties. In most industrial cases, the arbitrator is randomly chosen from a list agreed upon by both parties. One benefit of deferring to an arbitrator is that it is less costly that resolving disputes through the judicial system.</span>
In theory, all people had the right to vote regardless of race in states where voting restrictions were in place. One could go and vote, but had to complete the require state-mandated steps to do so. Technically, the poll tax and literacy tests were to be administered to all voters. However, the corruption of this often occurred at the polls where whites would "pass" the literacy tests where blacks could not even if they did. White workers would "forget" to charge the poll tax to whites or charge less so they could vote. Some states initially had a grandfather clause that stated if you grandfather could vote before the Civil War then you were exempt from the poll taxes and/or literacy test. This was a given for almost all whites and an immediately made all blacks qualify for the mandates because blacks did not have the right to vote prior to the Civil War.
