Answer:
B. In the real world, random and unpredictable events occur, so the Lotka-Volterra parameters vary over time
Explanation:
Lotka-Volterra equations are mathematical models that explain biological prey-predator interactions among two species, considering the following assumptions,
-
The ecosystem is isolated and closed. There is no migration.
- The whole individuals are reproductively equivalent.
- In the absence of the predator, prey shows an exponential growth rate. The prey is in the ideal environment.
- In the absence of the prey, the predator population decreases exponentially. The predator environment is also ideal, but it is limited by the prey density.
- The predation rate is proportional to the encounters rate, which also depends on density.
- The predators affect the prey populations, making it decrease proportionally to the number of prey and predators present.
- The prey population also influence the predator population, proportionally to the number of encounters between the two species.
In these equations, the variable D is the number of predators, and P the number of preys.
The parameters are always constant:
- a1: predator hunting success.
- r2: predator growth rate.
- a2: the success of the predator in hunting and feeding.
In nature, there are many factors affecting interactions. Dense-dependent factors and dense-independent factors. Also in reality there are stochastic factors. <em>Stochasticity refers to the variability in the system involving those factors that are affecting or influencing the population growth. Stochasticity might be related to good years and bad years for population growth.</em>
In a real situation, the compliance of the whole assumptions does not occur. The previously mentioned constants might vary, changing continuously the interaction among the predator and the prey. These parameters change in different degrees, resulting in different circumstances for both species.
The Grand Canyon of Arizona is one of world’s largest and
steepest canyons. It ranges up to 277 miles long and 18 miles wide. Its
formation is carved due to the erosive power of the water’s current. As heavy rains continue to occur, more rocks
and stones erode and fall which adds length and width to the Grand Canyon.
ANSWER
A wave
EXPLANATION
Due to the earths moon, tidal waves increase in energy.
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The population of cactus dwelling birds will decrease and that of the animal they eat will increase.
Explanation:
When cacti is removed from the desert ecosystem, the birds that have their nest on the cacti will no longer have a home so they will migrate to other areas with favorable ecosystem.This will reduce the number of birds in this ecosystem.In turn, the animals that were feed by the birds will have the chance to multiply in numbers because a predator has been removed in the ecosystem.
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Keywords : Ecosystem, population
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No diagram shown, but it would be the fish/any other organisms near or in the shallow part/any part of a pond/lake.
