Answer:
(B) Energy transfer between trophic levels is almost always less than 20% efficient.
Explanation:
The ultimate source of energy on the Earth is the Sun. The energy coming from the Sun is captured by green plants by the photosynthesis. During photosynthesis sun energy is fixed into chemical energy (carbohydrate). So, in an ecosystem energy flow is unidirectional (from sun to the green plants). The fixed chemical energy from green plants is transferred to the herbivores then to carnivores through food. When one organism eats another organisms, only 10 % of the energy present in the organism is transferred as a food for the next organism and a large amount of energy is lost as heat into the environment. Thus, energy keeps on decreasing when stored energy moves from producers to top consumers. Thus, less than 20% energy transfer limits the trophic levels in most of the ecosystem.
Answer:
plants release water vapor
unlike asphalt, soil is not black.
The paler color reflects more light.
Explanation:
Alliances fall into two broad categories: contractual (non-equity) and equity-based.
projects, strategic suppliers, strategic distributors, and licensing/franchising (see Chapter 6 for
definitions). These are also limited in scope and duration.
Equity-based alliances call for a higher level of commitment. Examples include strategic
investment (one partner invests in another as a strategic investor) and cross shareholding (both
partners invest in each other). A joint venture is a special case of equity-based alliance that
establishes a new legally independent entity (in other words, a new firm which is the JV) whose
equity is provided by two (or more) alliance partners.
Although JVs are often used as examples of strategic alliances,
not
all strategic alliances are JVs.
Essentially, a JV is a “corporate child” given birth by two (or more) parent firms, such as
SonyEricsson’s set up by Sony and Ericsson. A non-JV, equity-based alliance can be regarded as
two firms “getting married,” but not having “children.” The Renault-Nissan alliance is such an
example.
Networks are also a form of strategic alliance. For the purposes of this chapter, we define
strategic networks as strategic alliances formed by multiple firms to compete against other such
<span>groups and against traditional single firms</span>
