Answer:
a) The response indicates that a pH below or above this range will most likely cause enolase to denature/change its shape and be less efficient or unable to catalyze the reaction.
b)The response indicates that the appropriate negative control is to measure the reaction rate (at the varying substrate concentrations) without any enzyme present.
c)The response indicated that the enolase has a more stable/functional/correct/normal protein structure at the higher temperature of 55°C than at 37°C because the enzyme is from an organism that is adapted to growth at 55°C.
Explanation:
Enolase catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate during both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.In bacteria, enolases are highly conserved enzymes and commonly exist as homodimers.
The temperature optimum for enolase catalysis was 80°C, close to the measured thermal stability of the protein which was determined to be 75°C, while the pH optimum for enzyme activity was 6.5. The specific activities of purified enolase determined at 25 and 80°C were 147 and 300 U mg−1 of protein, respectively. Km values for the 2-phosphoglycerate/phosphoenolpyruvate reaction determined at 25 and 80°C were 0.16 and 0.03 mM, respectively. The Km values for Mg2+ binding at these temperatures were 2.5 and 1.9 mM, respectively.
Enolase-1 from Chloroflexus aurantiacus (EnoCa), a thermophilic green non-sulfur bacterium that grows photosynthetically under anaerobic conditions. The biochemical and structural properties of enolase from C. aurantiacus are consistent with this being thermally adapted.
Answer:
The phosphorus in all biological tissues can be traced back to phosphorus weathered from rock.
Parallel
In a parallel arrangement, the length of the fascicles runs parallel to the long axis of the muscle. Such muscles are either straplike like the sartorius muscle of the thigh, or spindle shaped with an extended belly, like the biceps brachii muscle of the arm. However, some scientists classify spindle-shaped muscles into a separate class asfusiform muscles.
Pennate
in a pennate pattern, the fascicles are short and they attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle. Pennate muscles come in three forms:
<span><span>Unipennate, in which the fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon, as in the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the leg. </span><span>Bipennate, in which the fascicles insert into the tendon from opposite sides so the muscle “grain” resembles a feather.
The rectus femoris of the thigh is bipennate. </span><span>Multipennate, which looks like many feathers side by side, with all their quills inserted into one large tendon. The deltoid muscle, which forms the roundness of the shoulder is multipennate.</span></span>
The public is upset with the farms’ unnatural farming practices.
