If we assume Aa is husband which is hetero-zygote and aa is wife which is normal then their cross will be Aa X aa and first generation will be Aa aa aa Aa.
Further explanation
Cross between Aa (heterozygote male) and aa (normal female)
Here is cross between a normal wife (aa) and a heterozygote husband (Aa)
Aa X aa
First generation
Aa Aa aa aa
Result
It is clearly seen that ration is 1:1 which mean half are heterozygote and half are normal offspring. As they already told about number of offspring which is 25, So according to 1:1 12.5 are normal and 12.5 are heterozygote.
Chi-square Test
It is test used to evaluate the observed the expected values.
Chi-square formula
χ2=∑(o-e)2/e
Here o= observed and e= expected
Calculation through chi-square value
It is given below
For heterozigous (14-12.5)2/12.5=0.18
For normal (11-12.5)2/12.5=0.18
By putting values of both heterozygous and recessive in chi-square formula
χ2=0.18+0.18=0.36
Answer details
Subject: Biology
Level: High school
Key words
- Cross between Aa (hetrozygote male) and aa (normal female)
- Chi-square Test
- Chi-square formula
- Calculation through chi-square value
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Varies
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From the differences in the width of the alternating stripes, we can conclude that the lengths of time represented by this evidence varies.
Normal and reversed polarity do not have equal length of time when they occur.
- The paleomagnetic field just like the earths geomagnetic field we have today varies from time to time.
- During period of normal polarity, the north pole of the geomagnetic field is close to that of the earth.
- At reversed polarity, the north of the magnet changes position.
- Their is no regular interval to this
- Magma that are getting magnetized during this period will have different variations in the width of the magnetic fields.
- The width of the stripe shows the duration of the anomaly.
- Since the geomagnetic field takes their root from the core, the intensity varies and it affects the extent of magnetization of magnetic minerals in rocks.
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Mitochondria and the chloroplast
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Electron transport refers to the transfer of of electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via a reduction-oxidation reaction.
In the mitochondria the process is called Oxidative phosphorylation whereas in the Chloroplast it is called Photo-phosphorylation since it utilizes light.
Chemiosmotic mechanisms allow the movement of ions across a semi-permeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient.
In both mitochondria and chloroplast,have these mechanisms for the production of ATP .
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