Answer:
The correct answer will be option-D.
Explanation:
During the electron transport chain, an electrochemical gradient is established due to the movement of electrons.
The high number of protons gets accumulated in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria whereas less number of protons present in the matrix.
The protons are pushed from the outer membrane to matrix through ATP synthase where the movement of ATP causes synthase to spin and bind ADP and Pi to produce ATP.
Thus, option-D is the correct answer.
Answer:
RBCs' production is controlled by erythropoietin.
Mature RBCs are released into the bloodstream after approximately seven days RBCs are produced in the bone marrow
Explanation:
The hormone erythropoietin is produced and released in the bloodstream by peritubular interstitial cells of kidneys. The function of erythropoietin is to increase the number of the precursors of red blood cells and thereby to stimulate the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. When the oxygen supply to body cells is reduced, the hormone erythropoietin stimulates the development of proerythroblasts into reticulocytes and thereby increases the RBC production.
RBCs are produced by the process of erythropoiesis and take about seven days to become mature and to be released in circulation to serve the function of oxygen delivery. The maturation of RBCs also includes the loss of most of the organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria to accommodate hemoglobin protein. The life span of circulating RBCs is about 100-120 days.
Answer:
A. The number of cells that are dying is balanced by the number of new cells that are being formed.
C. Harmful waste products may be accumulating.
D. The cells are likely running out of nutrients.
Explanation:
During the stationary phase, the number of viable cells remains constant. This may be due to a balance between cell division and cell death wherein the total number of newly formed cells and the cells undergoing death are equal.
Nutrient limitation is one of the several factors that make the microbial cells to enter the stationary phase. Depletion of nutrients slows down the population growth.
Accumulation of toxic waste products as it occurs during the growth of anaerobic bacteria also adversely affects the population growth.
For example, the accumulation of lactic acid and other organic acids (by-products of anaerobic respiration) inhibits the growth of the population by making the medium acidic.
Answer:
Duplication of hox genes is important in the radiation of animals because they are regulating genes of symmetry and the body plan of the animals' bodies. Some change or mutation in these genes during duplication can cause mutations and with these evolution of the species as it controls the different segments of these animals as they develop, launching the genetic programs that form various body structures, such as limbs and organs. .
Answer:
The excess bicarbonate ions are excreted in the urine and the resulting increase in blood acidity leads to an increase in ventilation.
Explanation:
