Answer:
based off of "sudden" and "surprising" I'd say D
 
        
             
        
        
        
Answer: Jim is using
punishment
<span>to modify the behavior of those people
</span>A punishment is an unpleasant outcome upon a group or an individual, as a target of authority. This is a response to a particular action, in this case it was the fact that people were talking, that is deemed undesirable or unacceptable.
        
             
        
        
        
Agriculture, to infrastructure activities, to tourist attractions
        
                    
             
        
        
        
Answer: (B) Directory information 
Explanation:
  The directory information is basically contain student educational record such as name, semesters marks, study program, email address and the enrollment number of the class. This type of information or data does mot provide any harm and also does not hurt privacy.  
The directory information is one of the type of information that disclosed without the student and the parent consent for the researcher purpose to the various types of local universities. 
Therefore, option (B) is correct.