The answer to this question is: Valid
For example, let's say that a researcher wants to study the psychology of motivation as a variable.
In this case, motivation does not possess a measurable standard that could be used as data, so the researcher could only predict thte amount of motivation through the amount of job done (but this data is reliable because motivation is only on of the many factors that may influenced it)
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
the brown bear (<em>ursus arctos</em>) also known as "brown bear" has at least 16 subspecies recognized by Wilson & Reader (2005) of which at least 5 are considered extinct. These plantigrades are currently considered in danger of extinction and from the phylogenetic point of view, they have been attributed to have a polyphylogenetic origin or polyphyletic lineage, which means the sequence of arrangements of species from ancestors to the descendant through evolution.
Explanation:
Genomic analysis using different statistical methods showed that the genetic flow is not limited to pairs of closely related species. There is a high flow of ancestral genes between the Asian black bear and the ancestors of the polar bear, the brown bear and the American black bear, which explains the difficulties encountered in reconstructing the phylogeny of the bears and that, up to now, lead to the conclusion of its polyphyletic linage.
 
        
             
        
        
        
The answer to this question is <span>stimulus generalization
</span><span>stimulus generalization refers to a similar response that derived from similar stimulus after it previously conditioned in our brain.
This response tend to be caused by our body's tendency to maintain same environment in order to make its activity more stable.</span>
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
Paincho is the process of sharing goods and needs with neighbors when they need and Parma is the process of helping the neighbors with labours and doing some of their works ..So it is said that Parma and paincho are traditional system of cooperation..