Answer:
The population suffered a genetic bottleneck, which decreased genetic variation and thereby randomly increasing the frequency of harmful alleles
Explanation:
A population bottleneck, also known as genetic bottleneck, can be defined as a drastic reduction in the size of a population, which may be caused by anthropic activity and/or environmental phenomena (e.g., earthquakes, famines, fires, droughts, etc). A genetic bottleneck leads to a reduction in genetic variability within a population. Moreover, the genetic drifit caused by a genetic bottleneck can also increase the frequency of harmful alleles/mutations (it is due to the random sampling of individuals), thereby increasing the frequency of deleterious alleles/mutations in the population.
Transcript of EXCRETORY SYSTEM OF THE FROG AND HUMANTHE URINARY SYSTEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ELIMINATION OF WASTS VIA THE URINE. THE BASIC UNIT OF FUNCTION IS THE NEPHRON COMPOSED OF THE GLOMERULUS AND A SERIES OF TUBULES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EXCRETION OF WASTES, REABSORPTION OF VALUABLE SUBSTANCES, AND FILTRATION OF BLOOD.
URINARY SYSTEM OF HUMAN
<span>EXCRETORY SYSTEM OF THE FROG AND HUMAN </span>
EACH KIDNEY CONTAINS UP TO 18 LOBULES AND THOSE 18 LOBES CONTAINS NEPHRONS ARE THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE KIDNEYS AND EACH KIDNEY CONTAINS MORE THAN 1 MILLION NEPHRONS. IN THE NEPHRONS COMPOSED OF GLOMERULUS FILTERS THE BLOOD LEAVING THE FILTRATE INSIDE THE GLOMERULAR SPACE. THE FILTRATE HAS SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS TO PLASMA EPT IN THE PRESENCE OF PROTEINS IN THE FORM OF ALBUMIN. THE FILTRATE THEN GOES INTO THE PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES WHERE MAJORITY OF THE SUBTANCES ARE REABSORBED.
KIDNEY
THE FLUID ENTERS THE DESCEDING LIMB OF HENLE WHERE IT IS IMPERMEABLE TO MINERALS AND OTHER SUBTANCES. THEREFORE, THE FLUID INSIDE THE TUBULES BECOMES HYPERTONIC COMPARED TO PLASMA. AS THE FLUID INSIDE GOES UP INTO THICK ASCENDING LIMB OF HENLE, WATER BECOMES IMPERMEABLE. THUS, IT IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT DILUTING SEGMENTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. THERE IS ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS PHYSIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT IONS SUCH AS POTASSIUM IONS, SODIUM IONS AND OTHERS.
URINARY SYSTEM OF THE FROG
EXCRETORY SYSTEM OF FEMALE FROG
EXCRETORY SYSTEM OF THE MALE FROG
LIQUID WASTE GENERATED BY THE KIDNEYS TRAVELS THROUGH THE MESONEPHRIC DUCT INTO E CLOACA. SOLID WASTE FROM THE LARGE INTESTINE PASSES INTO THE CLOACA. BOTH SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE MATERIALS LEAVE THE BODY THROUGH THE ANUS, THE ONLY OPENING FOUND IN THE POSTERIOR PART OF THE BODY.
THE FLUID THEN GOES INTO THE THIN ASCENDING LOOP OF HENLE AND INTO THE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE WHERE WATER AND SODIUM REABSORPTION IS EFFECTED BY ALDOSTERONE SECRETION BY THE ADRENAL CORTEX. THE FLUID THEN GOES IONTO COLLECTING TUBULES WHERE WATER REABSORPTION IS AFFECTED BY ADH.SOME REABSORPTION OF IMPORTANT IONS STILL OCCURS IN THESE FINAL SEGMENTS.
THE NEPRON
FINALLY, THE URINE DRAINS INTO THE MINOR AND MAJOR CALYX TO GO INTO THE RENAL PELVIS. FROM HERE IT IS DRAINED BY THE URETER TO BE TEMPORARILY STORED IN THE BLADDER WHERE PERIODIC EMPTYING OCCURS VIA THE URETHRA THROUGH THE PROCESS OF URINATION. THE URETHRA CONNECTS THE URINARY BLADDER TO THE GENITALS FOR THE REMOVAL OF URIE OUT OF THE BODY.
DIFFERENCES OF HUMAN AND FROG EXCRETORY
FROG
HUMAN
KIDNEY
KIDNEY
MESONEPHRIC DUCT
URETERS
URINARY BLADDER sorry caps
URETHRA
CLOACA
Answer;
-They are all at the same elevation
Explanation;
-Contour line on a topographical map that detail changes in elevation. This line connects points of equal elevation. Contour lines are used in Topography to show the elevation of the land on a map. When looking at a map the contour lines look very similar to how a calm lake would appear.
Answer:
A 22 to 25 amino acid sequence present in the central section of the protein, which gives rise to an alpha helix in the membrane is known as the stop-transfer anchor sequence. The sequence plays an essential function in targeting the protein towards the plasma membrane. On the other hand, it also ceases targeting of the protein towards the endoplasmic reticulum, which was started by the signal peptide.
Thus, the process of translation of the remaining of the protein occurs within the cytosol due to the tethering of the transmembrane domain. In the stop-transfer anchor sequence, the hydrophobic amino acids present are isoleucine and valine. After mutation, these amino acids get converted into arginine and lysine, thus, hydrophilic amino acids replace hydrophobic amino acids in the sequence.
Due to this, the transmembrane domain cannot be targeted towards an integral part of the plasma membrane by the short transfer anchor sequence, and therefore, now the translocation of the protein will take place towards the endoplasmic reticulum as initiated by the signal peptide at the beginning.
Answer: A = 3, B = 5, C = 1, D = 2, E = 4
Explanation: A. RNA primase
B. ligase
C. helicase
D. polymerase
E. topoisomerase
Pairs
1. unwinds the DNA molecule
2. synthesizes the complementary daughter strands
3. synthesizes RNA primer at the initiation point
4. creates nicks ahead of the replication fork to relieve tension from unwinding
5. joins the Okazaki fragments together
