Out of three conditions that Donald Noel suggest in "Noel Hypothesis", which are ethnocentrism, competition and the differential in power ethnic or racial, I think the most important is competition. Human beings create ranks in ethnic groups by competing. For example when Irish came to America (1820-1860), they competed with other group to gain positions in society and some of them followed the bad way creating the Irish mob and some entered the police force which gave this group a better status then the Italian mob overcome the Irish mob. It is just an example of how ethnic groups compete to survive and society moves into stratification.
I think there is power and inequality between groups and this leads to prejudice and discrimination. The groups that are suffering more are vulnerable groups like women, elderly and children. Here is Peru there is a great problem with women being killed. It is insane but the number of these cases is going up every year. When women go to the police station do denounce their partners, police officers don't pay them attention to what they say and in many cases they don't do anything. Most of the time women are killed by their partners in Peru. Women are afraid to denounce their partners too.
Answer:
d. frustration-aggression principle.
Explanation:
Frustration-aggression principle: In psychology, the term frustration-aggression principle or theory was first introduced by Sears, Dollard, Mower, Doob, and Miller during 1939. The theory or principle describes that an individual who faces frustration will often lead to display certain aggressive behavior.
Therefore, it is not necessary that frustration will lead aggression always so, an individual tries to suppress it a lot of time as he or she feels that it is not ethical or right or maybe he or she fears to face the social results of getting aggressive.
In the question above, the given statement represents the "frustration-aggression principle or theory.
The answer is because these areas of Africa were separated by the Sahara Desert
She is trying to examine internal validity. This type of validity provides evidence to support if there is a direct relation of cause and effect. Scientific studies have internal and external validity. As mentioned, internal validity demonstrates how well a research null hypothesis can be rejected, and the working hypothesis validated. External validity, on the other hand, allows the researcher to transpose his/her findings to the population.
