This looks like the photo electric effect ... classical physics reckoned that if you shone an intense enough light beam on a metal you could get electrons ejected from the metal (maybe in analogy to thermionic emission - heat). It sort of "forgot" about the frequency and photon/particle nature of light.
Enter the "photo electric" effect experiment, Einstein's explanation, and the Nobel committee having an excuse to award E a Nobel prize, even though said prize was probably more for relativity.
We know that the measure of an incident ray is: α 1 = 40°.
The index of refraction:
- for the air : n 1 = 1.00,
- for the water: n 2 = 1.33
Snell`s Law of Refraction :
n 1 · sin α 1 = n 2 · sin α 2
sin α 2 = n 1 · sin α 1 / n 2 =
= 1.00 · sin 40° / 1.33 = 0.64278 / 1.33 = 0.4833
α 2 = sin ^(-1) 0.4833
α 2 = 28.9 °
Answer: The angle relative to the water`s surface of the rays when beneath the surface is 28.9°.

Actually Welcome to the Concept of the Force and Power.
Since, according to the Newton's law,
Force = mass * Acceleration.
hence, here
Force = 142 N, accelration = 22.75 m/s2
hence, mass = 142/22.75
===> Mass = 6.24 Kg
hence the mass of the shot is 6.24 Kg
Answer:
μ = 0.350
Explanation:
For the person to able to move the box, the force exerted by the person on the box must equal the force exerted by the box:

In this case, force can be calculated as a product of mass (m) by the acceleration of gravity (g) and the coefficient of static friction (μ):

Therefore, for the person to be able to push the box horizontally, the coefficient of static friction between the box and the floor should not be higher than 0.350.
Time=speed/acceleration
Gravitaional Acceleration=9.8 m/s^2
Speed=24.5 m/s
Time=24.5/9.8=2.5 s