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jek_recluse [69]
2 years ago
15

What is the magnitude of the maximum stress that exists at the tip of an internal crack having a radius of curvature of 3 × 10-4

mm (1.181 × 10-5 in.) and a crack length of 5.5 × 10-2 mm (2.165 × 10-3 in.) when a tensile stress of 150 MPa (21760 psi) is applied
Engineering
1 answer:
Vladimir [108]2 years ago
8 0

Answer:

maximum stress is 2872.28 MPa

Explanation:

given data

radius of curvature = 3 × 10^{-4} mm

crack length = 5.5 × 10^{-2} mm

tensile stress = 150 MPa

to find out

maximum stress

solution

we know that  maximum stress formula that is express as

\sigma m = 2 ( \sigma o ) \sqrt{\frac{a}{\delta t}}     ......................1

here σo is applied stress and a is half of internal crack and t is radius of curvature of tip of internal crack

so put here all value in equation 1 we get

\sigma m = 2 ( \sigma o) \sqrt{\frac{a}{\delta t}}  

\sigma m = 2(150) \sqrt{ \frac{\frac{5.5*10^{-2}}{2}}{3*10^{-4}}}  

σm = 2872.28 MPa

so maximum stress is 2872.28 MPa

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A heat recovery device involves transferring energy from the hot flue gases passing through an annular region to pressurized wat
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A steady tensile load of 5.00kN is applied to a square bar, 12mm on a side and having a length of 1.65m. compute the stress in t
Shtirlitz [24]

Answer:

The stress in the bar is 34.72 MPa.

The design factor (DF) for each case is:

A) DF=0.17

B) DF=0.09

C) DF=0.125

D) DF=0.12

E) DF=0.039

F) DF=1.26

G) DF=5.5

Explanation:

The design factor is the relation between design stress and failure stress. In the case of ductile materials like metals, the failure stress considered is the yield stress. In the case of plastics or ceramics, the failure stress considered is the breaking stress (ultimate stress). If the design factor is less than 1, the structure or bar will endure the applied stress. By the opposite side, when the DF is higher than 1, the structure will collapse or the bar will break.

we will calculate the design stress in this case:

\displaystyle \sigma_{dis}=\frac{T_l}{Sup}=\frac{5.00KN}{(12\cdot10^{-3}m)^2}=34.72MPa

The design factor for metals is:

DF=\displaystyle \frac{\sigma_{dis}}{\sigma_{f}}=\frac{\sigma_{dis}}{\sigma_{y}}

The design factor for plastic and ceramics is:

DF=\displaystyle \frac{\sigma_{dis}}{\sigma_{f}}=\frac{\sigma_{dis}}{\sigma_{u}}

We now need to know the yield stress or the ultimate stress for each material. We use the AISI and ASTM charts for steels, materials charts for non-ferrous materials and plastics safety charts for the plastic materials.

For these cases:

A) The yield stress of AISI 120 hot-rolled steel (actually is AISI 1020) is 205 MPa, therefore:

DF=\displaystyle\frac{34.72MPa}{205MPa}=0.17

B) The yield stress of AISI 8650 OQT 1000 steel is 385 MPa, therefore:

DF=\displaystyle\frac{34.72MPa}{385MPa}=0.09

C) The yield stress of ductile iron A536-84 (60-40-18) is 40Kpsi, this is 275.8 MPa, therefore:

DF=\displaystyle\frac{34.72MPa}{275.8MPa}=0.125

D) The yield stress of aluminum allot 6061-T6 is 290 MPa, therefore:

DF=\displaystyle\frac{34.72MPa}{290MPa}=0.12

E) The yield stress of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V annealed (certified by manufacturers) is 880 MPa, therefore:

DF=\displaystyle\frac{34.72MPa}{880MPa}=0.039

F) The ultimate stress of rigid PVC plastic (certified by PVC Pipe Association) is 4Kpsi or 27.58 MPa, therefore:

DF=\displaystyle\frac{34.72MPa}{27.58 MPa}=1.26

In this case, the bar will break.

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DF=\displaystyle\frac{34.72MPa}{6.31 MPa}=5.5

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2 years ago
A three-phase line has an impedance of 0.4 j2.7 ohms per phase. The line feeds two balanced three-phase loads that are connected
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Answer:

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a. The magnitude of the line voltage at the source end of the line.

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S₁ = 560.1 < cos⁻¹(0.707)

S₁ = 560.1 < 45° kVA

Complex power of second load:

S₂ = P₂×1 (unity power factor)

S₂ = 132×1

S₂ = 132 kVA

S₂ = 132 < cos⁻¹(1)

S₂ = 132 < 0° kVA

Total Complex power of load is

S = S₁ + S₂

S = 560.1 < 45° + 132 < 0°

S = 660 < 36.87° kVA

Total current is

I = S*/(3×Vload)   ( * represents conjugate)

The phase voltage of load is

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I = 100 < -36.87° A

The phase source voltage is

Vs = Vload + (Total current×Zline)

Vs = 2200 + (100 < -36.87°)×(0.4 + j2.7)

Vs = 2401.7 < 4.58° V

The magnitude of the line source voltage is

Vs = 2401.7×√3

Vs = 4160 V

b. Total real and reactive power loss in the line.

The 3-phase real power loss is given by

Ploss = 3×R×I²

Where R is the resistance of the line.

Ploss = 3×0.4×100²

Ploss = 12000 W

Ploss = 12 kW

The 3-phase reactive power loss is given by

Qloss = 3×X×I²

Where X is the reactance of the line.

Qloss = 3×j2.7×100²

Qloss = j81000 var

Qloss = j81 kvar

Sloss = Ploss + Qloss

Sloss = 12 + j81 kVA

c. Real power and reactive power supplied at the sending end of the line

The complex power at sending end of the line is

Ss = 3×Vs×I*

Ss = 3×(2401.7 < 4.58)×(100 < 36.87°)

Ss = 540.046 + j476.95 kVA

So the sending end real power is

Ps = 540.046 kW

So the sending end reactive power is

Qs = j476.95 kvar

7 0
2 years ago
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