In general, the presence of atoms of what element(s) makes a molecule polar
1 answer:
Polarity of a molecule doesn't depend only on the presence of certain atom(s). It also depends on symmetry. For example, take the alkanes family 
. These molecules are generally nonpolar, because there is no net dipole moment. Now, dipole moment arises due to <span>difference in the electronegativity of carbon and the other element. In organic chemistry, generally these atoms are Oxygen, Halogens, Nitrogen. Because of their high electronegativity, they cause a net dipole moment resulting in polarity.
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is symmetrical and hence non-polar.
is asymmetrical and polar. It's structure is bent because of oxygen lone pairs.
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Lo que está marcado con rojo (el ejercicio)
Vanillin is the common name for 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde.
See attached figure for the structure.
Vanillin have 3 functional groups:
1) aldehyde group: R-HC=O, in which the carbon is double bonded to oxygen
2) phenolic hydroxide group: R-OH, were the hydroxyl group is bounded to a carbon from the benzene ring
3) ether group: R-O-R, were hydrogen is bounded through sigma bonds to carbons
Now for the hybridization we have:
The carbon atoms involved in the benzene ring and the red carbon atom (from the aldehyde group) have a <u>sp²</u> hybridization because they are involved in double bonds.
The carbon atom from the methoxy group (R-O-CH₃) and the blue oxygen's have a <u>sp³</u> hybridization because they are involved only in single bonds.
