Martin Seligman<span> is an American psychologist and educator. He is the father of optimistic psychology and has written many self-help books.</span><span>
According to psychologist Martin Seligman, people who have an optimistic explanatory style use internal (e.g. "me"), stable (e.g. " always"), and global explanations (e.g. "everywhere) for unfavorable events.</span>
Psychodynamics, also known as psychodynamic psychology, in its broadest sense, is an approach to psychology that emphasizes systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience. It is especially interested in the dynamic relations between conscious motivation and unconscious motivation.[1]
The term psychodynamics is also used by some to refer specifically to the psychoanalytical approach developed by Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) and his followers. Freud was inspired by the theory of thermodynamics and used the term psychodynamics to describe the processes of the mind as flows of psychological energy (libido) in an organically complex brain.[2]
There are 4 different schools of thought regarding psychological treatment: Psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, biological, and humanistic treatment. In the treatment of psychological distress, psychodynamic psychotherapy tends to be a less intensive, once- or twice-weekly modality than the classical Freudian psychoanalysis treatment of 3-5 sessions per week. Psychodynamic therapies depend upon a theory of inner conflict, wherein repressed behaviours and emotions surface into the patient’s consciousness; generally, one's conflict is subconscious.[3] Psychodynamic psychotherapies are considered outdated, compared to cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal therapies.
The answer is: nature and nurture
Nature and nurture is the ongoing debate in psychological field on whether humans development is mostly influenced by environmental or genetic factors.
Twins often used in such experiment because they have same genetic material. This means that if they were separated, the researchers could analyze whether the environment where they grow up resulted in radical difference within the children's development.
Answer:
B). Clyde had succeeded earlier in the same competition.
Explanation:
As per the question, option B i.e. 'Clyde had succeeded earlier in the same competition' seems to be the most accurate as it appropriately that Clyde must have had the earlier experience of succeeding in the same competition because after witnessing a failure an individual requires sufficient motivational strength to regain the vigor to perform with full strength and succeed. Thus, <u>Clyde must have gained this motivation and encouragement from her successful past experience to succeed in the competition which Sarah did not have and thus, she failed.</u> Therefore, <u>option B</u> is the correct answer.
